Scrolling shooter

An early scrolling shooter, 1942.

A scrolling shooter is a genre of video game and an extension the classic shooter genre. In scrolling shooters, the player controls a character in the game (frequently represented as a space ship) which they view from a third-person perspective, and are able to maneuver it around the screen shooting at enemies as the background scrolls behind them. The earliest scrolling shooters were just classic shooters with an animated background creating the illusion of movement. This was entirely cosmetic, but, as the genre became more defined, the designers introduced new mechanics that aren't present in non-scrolling shooters, like the ability to become crushed by the moving backgrounds.

The scrolling shooter is one of the earlier video game genres showing up with titles like Avenger (1975), Ozma Wars (1979), and Scramble (1981).

One of the very first video games I ever saw, River Raid, was a scrolling shooter, and it helped cement my love for the genre for many years. Also, scrolling shooters are pretty easy to program, so I have written several scrolling shooter engines in various programming languages. However, I now view scrolling shooters to be a rather inferior genre, since they're based almost entirely on memorization and twitchy reflexes.

Variables

There are several different variables which can affect how the scrolling shooter plays out.

Perspective

Scrolling shooters all use a third-person perspective, but the direction they view the player's character can change.

• Side-view: You view everything from the side. Examples: Defender, Scramble.
• Top-down: You see everything as though you're above, looking down. Examples: 1942, Raiden, Xevious.
• Over-the-shoulder: Your view is behind your character, looking past them. Examples: Space Harrier.
• Isometric: You're viewing the scene from a diagonal perspective. Examples: Zaxxon.

Some games change the perspective throughout the game, like Life Force which alternates between side-view and top-down as you proceed through the levels.

Scrolling Direction

• Straight (horizontal or vertical): The screen scrolls in a single direction, either horizontally or vertically. Examples: Gradius, Raiden, Scramble
• Diagonal: The screen scrolls both horizontally and vertically at the same time. Examples: Zaxxon
• 360 Degrees: The screen scrolls in all directions based on player movement. Examples: Raid On Bungeling Bay

Some games alternate the scrolling direction like Vanguard which changes between horizontal, vertical, and diagonal.

Automatic Scrolling

Some scrolling shooters automatically scroll the background without the player's influence, while others allow the player to have partial or complete control of the scrolling.

• Automatic: The screen scrolls without player control. Examples: 1942
• Partial Control: The player has some control over the scrolling, but can never stop it. Examples: River Raid
• Complete Control: The player can completely control when scrolling occurs. Examples: Defender

Sub-genres

There are sub-genres to scrolling shooters as well which are based primarily on the content.

• Bullet Hell: These games feature an obscene amount of bullets being shot all over the screen that the player must avoid. Examples: DonPachi, Toho,
• Cute 'Em Up: Named as a play on "shoot 'em up," these are shooters which use cutesy graphics. Examples: Parodius, TwinBee.

Games

These are scrolling shooters that are important to me. For the complete list, see the category.

Title	Released	Perspective	Direction	Scrolling	Notes
Defender	1981-??-??	Side-view	Horizontal	Full control
Guerrilla War (NES)	1988-12-26	Top-down	Vert, horz	Full control
Life Force	1986-07-04	Side, top	Horz, vert	Automatic
Raiden	1990-??-??	Top-down	Vertical	Automatic
Raptor: Call of the Shadows	1994-04-01	Top-down	Vertical	Automatic	Uses money and upgrade systems.
River Raid	1982-??-??	Top-down	Vertical	Some control	The very first video game I can remember seeing.
Section-Z (NES)	1987-05-25	Side-view	Horizontal	Automatic	Adds adventure elements.
Vanguard	1981-??-??	Side, top	Horz, vert, diagonal	Automatic

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